In the last ten or so years, the US stock market has been unrepentant in always ripping higher when we think the bear market is just around the corner.

Even a massive pandemic in which policymakers responded to with global lockdowns couldn’t keep stocks down for more than a month or so. 

One of the primary factors that distinguish this bull market from those previous are the “Fed put,” the idea that the Federal Reserve will swiftly step in and save the day anytime the stock market significantly declines. This concept is not a fantasy in traders’ minds, as the actions of the Federal Reserve support this line of thinking.

Another is persistently low interest rates throughout the entire bull market cycle, which pushes investors into a “nowhere to hide” situation, where they’re forced to go further out on the risk curve and buy equities and other risk assets.

If the bank is paying 5% interest, it’s a lot easier to just do that rather than take significant risk for the allure of 8% annual returns from stocks. 

25-week moving average of VIX 

As a result, any trader that cut their teeth trading stocks in this era doesn’t know what a true bear market is like. Maybe they’ve experienced momentary panic like during the flash crash or March 2020, but never prolonged bearish price action that makes traders lose all hope and look for new work. 

And even those traders that went through the aftermath of Black Friday, the dotcom burst, and the Great Financial Crisis may have forgotten what it’s like because they’ve been printing money being long stocks for so many years. 

For this reason, it’s crucial to learn how to respond and prepare for these conditions before they occur, or else you’re not only going to be unprepared to make trading decisions in what is a novel set of market conditions for you, but you’re going to be spending time during that market regime studying how to trade it, rather than having a leg up prior to the event. 

That’s not to say reading some articles and books is sufficient preparation for a bear market, of course not. The only true teacher in such conditions is experience, lots of experience. However, if we compare this to learning how to day trade, it’s still essential to understand intellectually the concepts of risk management, technical analysis and trading strategy, even though the understanding on its own isn’t adequate.

Here in March 2022, we’re at another point where there’s elevated potential of a sustained bear market. We’re not making a market call here, instead, we’re simply being realistic that today’s market conditions present a higher likelihood than prior to finally end the bull market in stocks. 

In fashion with the potentially changing times, we’re going over some not only to identify, but adapt to changing market conditions. 

Where We’re At Today: Commodities Are Key

For one, lockdowns created massive supply chain constraints.

Early on, many production facilities shutdown and workers were out of work and forced to collect unemployment benefits, which received huge stimulus boosts, often offering similar wages to their jobs.

As such, when production began to ramp back up, workers were disincentivized from returning, creating labor shortages, which further exacerbated goods shortages. Furthermore, the threat of rolling lockdowns loomed on these facilities.

On the raw commodities front, one of the most pressing shortages was that of oil. The initial downward price shocks that occurred hand-in-hand with the stock market crash of March 2020 forced many energy companies to clamp down as none of their operations were profitable with such low oil prices.

Combined with structural underinvestment in oil as a result of overbuilding of non-economic projects during the shale boom, and due to constraints from both institutional finance and government, effectively locked the energy industry out of a large pool of capital, so the US energy industry was underbuilt prior to the 2020 oil crisis. 

Now with the increased tensions between the US and Russia, there’s significant talks of halting all imports of Russian energy in both the US and Europe, which of course would lead to higher domestic energy prices in the short-to-intermediate-term, as ramping up US energy production is a process that takes years, not weeks. 

Raw commodities like oil, copper, lumber, wheat, cattle and so on are key inputs to nearly every good in our economy. The price of wheat going up means Wonder Bread, flour, and most packaged snacks cost more.

Bloomberg Commodity Index – Weekly Chart since late 2019  

However, the most consequential commodity here is oil. Oil is an input cost in nearly everything at all stages along the supply chain. During production, the machines need to be run, the goods need to be transported, the grocery store needs to be heated or cooled. The price of oil trickles down to everything, which is why crude oil prices and inflation move together historically. 

Coupled with this commodity supply crisis is the fact that the Federal Reserve has kept rates artificially low for such a long time – as real rates are zero right now. In order to quell inflation, the Fed is being forced to hike rates and offload their balance sheet into a shaky economic situation.

For these reasons, many smart macro strategists are preparing for a potential sustained bear market in US equities. But on the other side of the coin, many have pointed out that stocks tend to perform quite well in periods of very high inflation. Like we said, this isn’t a market call, but a brief on what people are thinking. If they’re right, we can at least be prepared.  

Identifying the Market Regime and Know If It’s Changing

What is a Market Regime?

Within a bull market, many different market regimes come to dominate, fade away, and return. Just as over the last several decades, US stocks are marked by a boom-bust cycle, that too exists in fractal form within each bull and bear market. 

Each bull market has its own set of periods where highly volatile bearish conditions persist, or when euphoric bullishness is sky-high and tons of blow-off tops are sprouting up across the stock market.

Two Sigma, the massive quant trading firm, defined market regimes like this:

“Financial markets have the tendency to change their behavior over time, which can create regimes or periods of fairly persistent market conditions…Modeling various market regimes…can enable macroeconomically aware investment decision-making and better management of tail risks” – Two Sigma 

These persisting market conditions within a larger macro framework are known as market regimes, and identifying the current market regime and trading in-tune with it is paramount to success.

One simple way to do this would be to simply break things down into simple categories:

• Uptrend
• Range-bound
• Downtrend 

This is simple, but effective. Another way to do this would be to get a bit more specific, as Chris Dover from Macro-Ops does in his framework:

• Bull Quiet: long-bias
• Bull Volatile: blow-off top territory, generally avoid
• Neutral: mean reversion bias
• Bear Quiet: short-bias
• Bear Volatile: 

I like the inclusion of volatility when categorizing market regimes, as it indicates uncertainty on the part of the market. When the market is just steadily trending up or down, it’s a completely different environment than when you sprinkle some volatility in. During times of a high VIX, traders indiscriminately dump the previous regime’s darlings and aggressively buy what they think the next play is. You can broadly call regimes with volatility or the lack thereof as risk-on (low vol), and risk-off (high vol).

Other traders would use macroeconomic analysis involving interest rates, inflation, what the Federal Reserve is saying, etc., however that’s not our style, we mostly stick to price action here, although all lenses which allow you to see that the dominant conditions of a market change are valid.

Market Regimes Lend to Different Trading Setups

Certain trading setups are ideal in each market regime. For example, a trend pullback or bull flag setup works excellently within a Bull Quiet regime, which features a healthy market which is mostly trading within trading bands like Bollinger Bands or Keltner Channels, and makes a stair step pattern of upswings and muted downswings. 

Bull volatile regimes tend to lend well to breakout trading, which aims to capitalize on the break of a trading range for large wins and small losses.

Neutral market regimes tend to feature a range-bound, indecisive market which lends itself well to mean reversion trading.

Using Your Own Trading Data To Identify Regimes

Sure, you can use a number of technical and economic indicators to identify the current market regime, but those are ultimately just backwards looking calculations. A much better source of information is your own trading results.

To do this, however, you need to be recording your trades and categorizing them according to setup. Tools like TraderVue, EdgeWonk, and FundSeeder analytics are great for this purpose.

How are your pullback trades performing lately? If their performance is steadily declining when the norm is for them to perform well, you might be shifting away from the current market regime into a new one. If you really want to get fancy, you can overlay the equity curve of your setup against the broad market you trade. If you trade mostly energy stocks, you can compare the equity curve to something like $XOP or $XLE.

The most valuable data is from your own trading, not from a backtest or theoretical data from an academic study. That stuff is useful, but it pales in comparison to actual data the market gave you based on your own trading. 

Using Range to Your Advantage

A telltale sign of a shifting market regime is range expansion. As the market gets wind of the changing tide, traders rush to reposition themselves to profit from the new paradigm. This creates volatility, as many traders are trading with constraints on them; in other words, their mandate might force them to trade even though right now wouldn’t be the optimal time to trade.

Markets move in cycles of range expansion and range contraction under normal conditions, however, so an expansion of range in itself isn’t significant. It has to be range expansion that breaks the intermediate-term cycle. 

Most portfolio managers use the S&P 500 Volatility Index (VIX) to identify this. The problem here is that the VIX doesn’t paint a clear picture. It’s an index used as a reference price for so many securities and is used for hedging so much that it can distort today’s reality. Instead, it’s better to keep things simple and use a tool like Average True Range which tells you flat out how range is changing based on price action. 

For example, here is a chart of SPY with a 14-day Average True Range line on the bottom:

When volatility is elevating, it might be indicating that there’s a regime shift afoot. We often see the crackles in the floor before the earthquake starts.

Adapting: Shorting Is Different

The stock market puts far more constraints on short sellers than contract-based markets like options or futures. This is because of the market structure of the stock market: you have to borrow shares to sell them short, while to short in the futures market, a new contract is simply created between you and your counterparty. There’s no disparity, neither party has an inherent advantage as longs do in the stock market. 

For the uninitiated, here is roughly how the mechanics of short selling stocks works in the US market:

• You make a request to your broker to borrow 100 shares of $XYZ to sell short
• Your broker checks its inventory (its customers long holdings)
  • If your broker has the shares in its inventory, it simply lends them to you for a commensurate interest rate
• If your broker does not have the shares available, it calls other securities lending desks and secures a borrow. That desk lends your broker the shares for a price, and your broker essentially flips that borrow to you for an elevated interest rate; arbitrage.
• Once the shares are in your custody, you can sell the stock short, with the promise to return the shares back to your broker at a later date.
• Your P&L is the difference between when you sold the stock short initially, and how much you bought it back for.

Many times, there’s not even a borrow available for you to short the stock, at least at your brokerage firm. This is because your broker has to have the shares in its custody to lend them to you, you’re actually taking out a loan to borrow stock and paying interest when you short sell a stock. 

Beyond that, the best stocks to short (the obvious zeroes) often have very high interest rates if you can even secure a borrow. This partly explains why some obviously bad companies can have an elevated price for an unbelievable amount of time: it costs too much to short them. And the borrow rates are baked into the option pricing too, so buying puts isn’t a way around this (no free lunch). 

With this in mind, there’s an adverse selection at play when shorting stocks, especially as a retail trader (retail has inferior access to borrows). The stocks that you can short (can locate shares to short) are less likely to be the best short candidates simply because there’s not high demand to short them, and hence, the market doesn’t agree with your thesis. 

This is one of the first issues that long-only traders tackle when they correctly identify a bear market and try to start shorting stocks using the same setups they do to buy them. But the primary problem comes down to how stocks move. 

One of the most fitting and true quotes is that “stocks take the stairs on the way up, and the elevator on the way down.” A stock can steadily go from $20 to $50 over the course of two years, only for it to crash back to $20 in two days. Only on the rarest occasions does this happen on the way up. 

So, in other words, you must adapt your bearish trading setups on the way down, especially when things are volatile.

Constraints to Short Selling:

• Paying borrow interest rates
• Potentially paying locate fees
• Your shares could be called due at any time
• You could be forced out of your position if a party controls a large percentage of the float

Adapting: Know When To Get Aggressive

As traders we love to obsess over risk management; being very clinical in adjusting and hedging our positions as market dynamics change so we never get too exposed to any one factor. However, sometimes you can get so wrapped up in sticking to your system that you miss a goldmine sitting right under your nose.

Now, it’s never a good idea to put your account or firm at risk.

He was calling out the trading book culture of never deviating at all from your system and bringing in your own common sense for fear of making irrational decisions. Quick thought experiment: you have two potential trades, one is a flash crash-like event and the other is your average everyday breakout or flag setup. Are you really going to allocate the same risk to both trades?  

Adapting: Look at Leadership

The start of the Russia and Ukraine war marked a significant regime shift in the US markets. It was immediately clear that things were changing when formerly dormant stocks in agriculture, coal, oil & gas, etc. became market leaders while the Wall Street growth darlings like Peloton and PayPal were getting pummeled.

An easy distinction you can make is look at what moves on the volatile days. There are two basic categories that stocks fall into: cyclical and defensive. Cyclical stocks do very well during a bull market and their outperformance is indicative of a ‘risk-on’ market regime. These are stocks from the following sectors:

• Technology
• Consumer discretionary
• Financials
• Healthcare
• Real estate 

On the other hand, you have defensive stocks. They’re the economic essentials. They don’t make crazy gains during a bull market but they go down far less when things get tough. Their outperformance indicates a risk-off environment. They’re in these sectors: 

• Consumer staples
• Industrials
• Basic materials
• Utilities 

These are broad distinctions and oftentimes they’re misleading, however. Once you get familiar with most larger-cap names, it’ll become pretty obvious what’s going on. When the defense contractors are going up and Peloton is going down, it’s clearly a risk-off price reaction.

You should be constantly assessing the market leaders, in terms of relative strength, and see where the money is flowing. There’s a number of ways to do this. First, is to simply use a relative strength percentile measure, which is available from many services like Investor’s Business Daily and StockCharts. 

Another way is to look at the flows of funds. Flow of funds data often doesn’t show up on the chart, it shows a different picture of supply and demand. ETF flows are great for this, as the data is freely available from ETF.com. But what I really like is looking at the net selling or buying done at the market close through market-on-close imbalances.

Market Chameleon is one service that I know of that collects and organizes the data. It shows you a cumulative 20-day average of how much money is flowing in or out of a sector during the closing auction.

Bottom Line

What was surprising about the March 2020 crash was how many retail and smaller traders absolutely killed the trade compared to their institutional counterparts who fared much worse on the aggregate. I’ve met so many traders that had dry powder and put it all to work near the lows.

It’s clear that the idea of “buy when there’s blood in the streets” has gone fully mainstream at this point, which explains the super fast V-shaped recovery we saw in the market’s last crash.

But a key thing to keep in mind is that the next crash is never exactly like the last. You can’t just take out the March 2020 playbook and start blindly buying whatever the hot industry of the crash is.

That ultimately might be the answer, but especially in times of crazy volatility, you need to give yourself the time to consider second and third-order consequences of the crash, because that’s what the guys who killed the work-from-home trade got right. Rather than focusing on speculative vaccine stocks, they were buying Amazon and Zoom.